Social outreach This research focuses on the HIV-1 reservoirs in the central nervous system (CNS) and how various cell types contribute to viral persistence. The etiological agent of AIDS, HIV-1, can be latent within host cells, including CD4+ T lymphocytes, microglia, macrophages, pericytes, and astrocytes. These cells can maintain the virus through a dormant (latency) stage of infection or support active viral replication, complicating the control of HIV even during ART. Understanding the nature and dynamics of these reservoirs will be critical to devising treatments that target them efficiently, thus also eliminating the cognitive deficits commonly seen after HIV infection. Neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV infection in the CNS can greatly impact the quality of life for people living with this virus. This research contributes useful insight to the translational effort against HIV/AIDS by unveiling complex mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in the brain. This sets up a future direction for therapy and reminds us that we need to do better in getting on with the job of improving the health of those living with HIV. With this knowledge, we will be closer to developing new methods for an HIV cure, which will improve the overall quality of life for people living with HIV. Social added value and impact The social added value of this study is learning more about HIV-1 reservoirs in the central nervous system, which is important for the development of more effective therapies. The research sheds light on how various cells have the capability to disguise or reproduce the virus, which can inform better treatment approaches and prevent cognitive disorders associated with HIV. The study's social impact is that the findings can help people living with HIV to more effectively deal with the health problems they face. Focusing on the intricate dynamics within the CNS can lead to more innovative research and clinical trials aimed at finding a cure. This can possibly transform the lives of millions living with HIV by reducing the need for lifelong antiretroviral therapy, which can hopefully lead to a more visible, healthy, and well-informed community where HIV-positive people will be supported and treated.